Further Reading About Neurofeedback Training
A little self-education goes a long way. If you would like to learn more about neurofeedback, there are a wealth of resources available.
If you are new to neurofeedback, the book A Symphony in the Brain is a great introduction to the field. If you would like more information on a particular condition, you will find the relevant links in the Goals section of this website.
If you have a professional interest in neurofeedback, Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and Applications gives a good overview of the different approaches to neurofeedack.
INTRODUCTORY BOOKS
Available on Amazon
Autism, ADHD & Neurofeedback
6 Powerful Strategies to Increase Your Child’s Peak Performance
The Body Keeps the Score
Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma
Neurofeedback Solution
Childhood Disrupted
How Your Biography Becomes Your Biology, and How You Can Heal
Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Developmental
Calming the Fear–Driven Brain
PROFESSIONAL BOOKS
For further reading and in-depth neurofeedback studies and research.
Handbook of Mind-Body Medicine for Primary Care
A clinical handbook and reference for the primary care doctor or nurse
Handbook of Neurofeedback
Dynamics and Clinical Applications (Haworth Series in Neurotherapy)
Military Neuropsychology
Covering the unique features of neuropsychological evaluations in the military
COMPREHENSIVE NEUROFEEDBACK WEBSITES
An extensive overview of neurofeedback practice, research and additional links.
SOCIETY OF APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE
SOCIETY OF APPLIED NEUROSCIENCE
Biofeedback Federation of Europe
Biofeedback Federation of Europe
THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR NEUROREGULATION & RESEARCH
THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR NEUROREGULATION & RESEARCH
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
NEUROFEEDBACK RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Comprehensive neurofeedback bibliographies and research links.
Biofeedback in practice
Biofeedback in practice
Wikipedia On Neurofeedback
Wikipedia On Neurofeedback
The ISNR Comprehensive Bibliography of Neurofeedback Research
The ISNR Comprehensive Bibliography of Neurofeedback Research
Videos
PEER REVIEWED RESEARCH
Level 2: Efficacious
Burkett, V. S., Cummins, J. M., Dickson, R. M., & Skolnick, M. (2005). An open clinical trial utilizing real-time EEG operant conditioning as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of crack cocaine dependence. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(2), 27-48.
deBeus, R. J. (2007). Quantitative electroencephalography-guided versus Scott/Peniston neurofeedback with substance abuse outpatients: A pilot study. Biofeedback, 35(4), 146-151.
Callaway, T.g., Bodenhamer-Davis, E. (2008).Long-term follow-up of a clinical replication of the Peniston Protocol for chemical dependency. Journal of Neurotherapy12(4), 243 – 259.
Fahrion, S. L., Walters, E. D., Coyne, L., & Allen, T. (1992). Alterations in EEG amplitude, personality factors and brain electrical mapping after alpha theta brainwave training: A controlled case study of an alcoholic in recovery. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 16, 547-552.
Fahrion, S. L. (1995). Human potential and personal transformation. Subtle Energies, 6, 55-88.
Goldberg, R. J., et al. (1976). Alpha conditioning as an adjunct treatment for drug dependence: Part I. International Journal of Addiction, 11, 1085-1089.
Goldberg, R. J., et al. (1977). Alpha conditioning as an adjunct treatment for drug dependence: Part II. International Journal of Addiction, 12, 195-204.
Horrell, T., El-Baz, A., Baruth, J., Tasman, A., Sokhadze, G., Stewart, C., Sokhadze, E. (2010). Neurofeedback effects on evoked and induced EEG gamma band reactivity to drug-related cues in cocaine addiction. Journal of Neurotherapy 14(3), 195-216.
Kelly, M. J. (1997). Native Americans, neurofeedback, and substance abuse theory: Three year outcome of alpha/theta neurofeedback training in the treatment of problem drinking among Dine (Navajo) people. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2(3), 24-60.
Lamontague, Y., Hand, I., Annable, L., et al. (1975). Physiological and psychological effects of alpha and EMG feedback training with college drug users: A pilot study.Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 20, 337-349.
Passini, F., Watson, C. G., Dehnel, L., Herder, J., & Watkins, B. (1977). Alpha wave biofeedback training therapy in alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 292-299.
Peniston, E. G., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1989). Alpha-theta brainwave training and beta-endorphin levels in alcoholics. Alcohol: Clinical & Experimental Research, 13(2), 271-279.
Peniston, E. G., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1991). Alcoholic personality and alpha-theta brainwave training. Medical Psychotherapy, 2, 37-55.
Peniston, E. G., Marrinan, D. A., Deming, W. A., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1993). EEG alpha-theta brainwave synchronization in Vietnam theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 6, 37-50.
Saxby, E., & Peniston, E. G. (1995). Alpha-theta brainwave neurofeedback training: An effective treatment for male and female alcoholics with depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(5), 685-693.
Schneider, F., Elbert, T., Heimann, H., Welker, A., Stetter, F., Mattes, R., Birbaumer, N., & Mann, K. (1993). Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in psychiatric patients: Alcohol dependency. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 18, 23-32.
Scott, W., & Kaiser, D. (1998). Augmenting chemical dependency treatment with neurofeedback training.Journal of Neurotherapy 3(1), 66.
Sokhadze, E., Stewart, C., Hollifield, M., Tasman, A. (2008).Event-related potential study of executive dysfunctions in a speeded reaction task in cocaine addiction.
Journal of Neurotherapy 12(4), 185 – 204.
Sokhadze, E., Singh, S., Stewart, C., Hollifield, M., El-Baz, A., Tasman, A.(2008).Attentional bias to drug- and stress-related pictorial cues in cocaine addiction comorbid with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Journal of Neurotherapy 12(4), 205 – 225.
Sokhadze, E. M., Cannon R. L., & Trudeau D. L. (2008) EEG biofeedback as a treatment for Substance Use Disorders: review, rating of efficacy, and recommendations for further research. Journal of Neurotherapy, 12(1), 5- 43.
Sokhadze, T. M., Cannon, R. L., & Trudeau, D. L. (2008). EEG biofeedback as a treatment for substance use disorders: Review, rating of efficacy, and recommendations for further research. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback,
Sokhadze, T. M., Stewart, C. M., & Hollifield, M. (2007). Integrating cognitive neuroscience and cognitive behavioral treatment with neurofeedback therapy in drug addiction comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder: A conceptual review. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(2), 13-44.
Trudeau, D. L. (2005). Applicability of brain wave biofeedback to substance use disorder in adolescents. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14(1), 125-136.
Trudeau, D. L. (2008) Branwave biofeedback for additive disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 12(4), 181-183.
Trudeau, D. L. (2000). The treatment of addictive disorders by brain wave biofeedback: A review and suggestions for future research. Clinical Electroencephalography, 31(1), 13-22.
Level 4: Efficacious
Nature: Translational Psychiatry (2013)
Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
SUMMARY: Changes in resting-state connectivity in the target orbitofrontal region correlated with these improvements in anxiety. Matched subjects undergoing a sham feedback control task showed neither a reorganization of resting-state functional connectivity nor an improvement in anxiety. These data suggest that NF can enable enhanced control over anxiety by persistently reorganizing relevant brain networks and thus support the potential of NF as a clinically useful therapy. link…
Brody, S., Rau, H., Kohler, F., Schupp, H., Lutzenberger, W., & Birbaumer, N. (1994). Slow cortical potential biofeedback and the startle reflex. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 19(1), 1-12.
Burti, L., & Siciliani, O. (1983). Increase in alpha-rhythm in anxious subjects using biofeedback: A preliminary study. Psichiatria Generale e del Eta Evolutiva, 21(2-4), 79-97.
Chisholm, R. C., DeGood, D. E., & Hartz, M. A. (1977). Effects of alpha feedback training on occipital EEG, heart rate, and experiential reactivity to a laboratory stressor.Psychophysiology, 14(2), 157-163.
Egner, T., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2004). The temporal dynamics of electro encephalographic responses to alpha/theta neurofeedback training in healthy subjects. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8(1), 43-57.
Egner, T., Strawson, E., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2002). EEG signature and phenomenology of alpha/theta neurofeedback training versus mock feedback. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 27(4), 261-270.
Fisher, S. (2007). Fpo2 and the regulation of fear. NeuroConnections Newsletter, January 2007, 13, 15-17.
Garrett, B. L., & Silver, M. P. (1976). The use of EMG and alpha biofeedback to relieve test anxiety in college students. Chapter in I. Wickramasekera (Ed.), Biofeedback, Behavior Therapy, and Hypnosis. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Glucek, B. C., & Stroebel, C. F. (1975). Biofeedback and meditation in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16(4), 303-321.
Graap, K., Ready, D. J., Freides, D., Daniels, B., & Baltzell, D. (1997). EEG biofeedback treatment for Vietnam veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2(3), 65-66. [Conference Paper]
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Hardt, J. V., & Kamiya, J. (1978). Anxiety change through electroencephalographic alpha feedback seen only in high anxiety subjects. Science, 201, 79-81.
Holmes, D. S., Burish, T. G., & Frost, R. O. (1980). Effects of instructions and biofeedback in EEG-alpha production and the effects of EEG-alpha biofeedback training for controlled arousal in a subsequent stressful situation. Journal of Research in Personality, 14(2), 212-223.
Huang,-Storms, L., Bodenhamer-Davis, E., Davis, R., & Dunn, J. (2006). QEEG-guided neurofeedback for children with histories of abuse and neglect: Neurodevelopmental rationale and pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy,10(4), 3-16.
Kirschbaum, J., & Gisti, E. (1973). Correlations of alpha percentage in EEG, alpha feedback, anxiety scores from MAS and MMQ. Archives fur Psychologie, 125(4), 263-273.
Kerson, C., Sherman, R.A., Kozlowski, G.P. (2009). Alpha suppression and symmetry training for generalized anxiety symptoms. Journal of Neurotherapy 13(3), 146 – 155.
Mills, G. K., & Solyom, L. (1974). Biofeedback of EEG alpha in the treatment of obsessive ruminations: An exploration. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 5, 37-41.
Moore, N. C. (2000). A review of EEG biofeedback treatment of anxiety disorders. ClinicalElectroencephalography, 31(1), 1-6.
Moore, J. P., Trudeau, D. L., Thuras, P. D., Rubin, Y., Stockley, H., & Dimond, T. (2000). Comparison of alpha-theta, alpha and EMG neurofeedback in the production of alpha-theta crossover and the occurrence of visualizations. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(1), 29-42.
Norris, S. L., Lee, C-T., Burshteyn, D., & Cea-Aravena, J. (2001). The effects of performance enhancement training on hypertension, human attention, stress, and brain wave patterns: A case study. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(3), 29-44.
Peniston, E. G., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1991). Alpha-theta brainwave neuro-feedback therapy for Vietnam veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Psychotherapy, 4, 47-60.
Peniston, E. G., Marrinan, D. A., Deming, W. A., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1993). EEG alpha-theta brainwave synchronization in Vietnam theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 6, 37-50.
Plotkin, W. B., & Rice, K. M. (1981). Biofeedback as a placebo: Anxiety reduction facilitated by training in either suppression or enhancement of alpha brainwaves. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 49, 590-596.
Putnam, J. (2000). The effects of brief, eyes-open alpha brain wave training with audio and video relaxation induction on the EEG of 77 Army reservists. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(1), 17-28.
Raymond, J., Varney, C., Parkinson, L. A., & Gruzelier, J.H. (2005). The effects of alpha/theta neurofeedback on personality and mood. Brain Research & Cognitive Brain Research, 23(2-3), 287-292.
Rice, K. M., Blanchard, E. B., & Purcell, M. (1993). Biofeedback treatments of generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary results. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 18, 93-105.
Sattlberger, E., & Thomas, J. E. (2000). Treatment of anxiety disorder with slow-wave suppression EEG feedback: A case study. Biofeedback, 28(4), 17-19.
Sittenfeld, P., Budzynski, T. H., & Stoyva, J. M. (1976). Differential shaping of EEG theta rhythms. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 1, 31-46.
Thomas, J. E., & Sattlberger, B. A. (1997). Treatment of chronic anxiety disorder with neurotherapy: A case study. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2(2), 14-19.
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Vanathy, S., Sharma, P. S. V. N., & Kumar, K. B. (1998). The efficacy of alpha and theta neurofeedback training in treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(2), 136-143.
DISSOCIATIVE PTSD
Jacobs, R.L. (2009). Rhythms of healing: A case study. Journal of Neurotherapy 13(4), 228 – 238.
Manchester, C., Allen, T., & Tachiki, K. H. (1998). Treatment of dissociative identity disorder with neurotherapy and group self-exploration. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2(4), 40-53.
Mason, L. A., & Brownback, T. S. (2001). Optimal functioning training with EEG biofeedback for clinical populations: A case study. Journal of Neurotherapy, 5(1-2), 33-44.
Huntley, A., White, A.R., & Ernst, E. (2002). Relaxation therapies for asthma: A systematic review. Thorax, 57(2), 127-131. Page 12
Kern-Buell, C.L., McGrady, A.V., Conran, P.B., & Nelson, L.A. (2000). Asthma severity,
psychophysiological indicators of arousal and immune function in asthma patients undergoing biofeedback-assisted relaxation. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,25(2), 79-91.
Lehrer, P., Carr, R.E., Smetankin, A., Vaschillo, E., Peper, E., Porges, S., et al. (1997). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia versus neck/trapezius EMG and incentive inspirometry biofeedback for asthma: A pilot study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 22(2), 95-109.
Lehrer, P., Smetankin, A., & Potapova, T. (2000). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback therapy for asthma: A report of 20 unmedicated pediatric cases using the Smetankin method. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 25(3), 193-200.
Lehrer, P., Vaschillo, E., Lu, S.E., Eckberg, D., Vaschillo, B., Scardella, A., et al. (2006). Heart rate variability biofeedback: Effects of age on heart rate variability, baroreflex gain, and asthma. Chest, 129(2), 278-284.
Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B., Lu, S.E., Scardella, A., Siddique, M., et al. (2004). Biofeedback treatment for asthma. Chest, 126(2), 352-361.
Meuret, A.E., Ritz, T., Wilhelm, F.H., & Roth, W.T. (2007). Targeting pCO2 in asthma: Pilot evaluation of a capnometry-assisted breathing training. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32(2), 99-109.
Ritz, T., Dahme, B., & Roth, W.T. (2004). Behavioral interventions in asthma: Biofeedback techniques. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56(6), 711-720.
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PracticeWise – Level 1: Best Support
EEG and Clinical Neuroscience – Level 5: Efficacious and Specific
BCIA – Level 4: Efficacious
Efficacy of Neurofeedback Treatment in ADHD: the Effects on Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity: a Meta-Analysis
Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M and Coenen A
Journal of Clinical EEG & Neuroscience, July, 2009
reported that Neurofeedback should be regarded as an evidence-based treatment for Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on accepted scientific standards of clinical medicine. Neurofeedback has steadily gained acceptance as a mainstream medical technique for the treatment of several disorders; however critics persist in questioning the efficacy of neurofeedback and the quantity and quality of the clinical studies that support its use. The study was a so-called meta-analysis which examined the caliber of the scientific and statistical techniques and robustness of all recently published research about neurofeedback treatment for ADHD. This meta-analysis included 15 studies and 1194 ADHD patients. Based on this study, the research team concluded that neurofeedback should be regarded as an “Evidence-Based treatment for ADHD”. The results show that neurofeedback treatment has large and clinically significant effects on Impulsivity and Inattention and a modest improvement of Hyperactivity. full text
EEG Biofeedback in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (abs.)
Friel PN
Alternative Medicine Review, Volume 12, #2, June, 2007, pp146-151
Electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback, also known as neurofeedback, is a promising alternative treatment for patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). EEG biofeedback therapy rewards scalp EEG frequencies that are associated with relaxed attention, and suppresses frequencies associated with under- or over-arousal.full text
Electroencephalographic Biofeedback in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Monastra VJ, Lynn S, Linden M, Lubar JF, Gruzelier J, LaVaque TJ
Historically, pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been considered to be the only type of interventions effective for reducing the core symptoms of this condition. However, during the past three decades, a series of case and controlled group studies examining the effects of EEG biofeedback have reported improved attention and behavioral control, increased cortical activation on quantitative electroencephalographic examination, and gains on tests of intelligence and academic achievement in response to this type of treatment. full text
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Rationale and Empirical Foundation (abs.)
Monastra VJ
During the past three decades, electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback has emerged as a nonpharmacologic treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This intervention was derived from operant conditioning studies that demonstrated capacity for neurophysiologic training in humans and other mammals and targets atypical patterns of cortical activation that have been identified consistently in neuroimaging and quantitative EEG studies of patients diagnosed with ADHD. full text
Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Neurotherapy (abs.)
Nash JK
Significant public health concerns exist regarding our current level of success in treating ADHD. Medication management is very helpful in 60-70% of patients. Side effects, lack of compliance and the fact that stimulant medications cannot be given late in the day limit the benefits largely to school hours. full text
Review of the Literature Regarding the Efficacy of Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Lingenfelter JE
The following is a review of the most recent literature regarding the efficacy of EEG Neurofeedback in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. full text
Update on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (abs.)
Campbell Daley K
In her recent paper, Update on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, published in Current Opinion in Pediatrics, Katie Campbell Daley reviewed the research and practice standards on treatment of ADHD.
Dr. Campbell is on the staff of the Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston and in the Department of Pediatrics of the Harvard Medical School. Her conclusion:
“Overall, these findings support the use of multi-modal treatment, including medication, parent/school counselling, and EEG biofeedback, in the long term management of ADHD, with EEG biofeedback in particular providing a sustained effect even without stimulant treatment… Parents interested in non-psychopharmacologic treatment can pursue the use of complementary and alternative therapy. The therapy most promising by recent clinical trials appears to be EEG biofeedback.” full text
In-School Neurofeedback Training for ADHD: Sustained Improvements From a Randomized Control Trial
Naomi J. Steiner, MDa, Elizabeth C. Frenette, MPHa, Kirsten M. Rene, MAa, Robert T. Brennan, EdDb, and Ellen C. Perrin, MDa
(104 participants) Response rates were 90% at the 6-month follow-up. Six months postintervention, neurofeedback participants maintained significant gains on Conners 3-P (Inattention effect size [ES] = 0.34, Executive Functioning ES = 0.25, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity ES = 0.23) and BRIEF subscales including the Global Executive Composite (ES = 0.31), which remained significantly greater than gains found among children in CT and control conditions. full text
A Comparison of EEG Biofeedback and Psychostimulants in Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Tom Rossiter, PhD and Theodore LeVaque, PhD. Reprinted with permission: Journal of Neurotherapy, Summr, 10995, 48-59 full text
Quantitative QEEG and Auditory Event-Related Potentials in the Evaluation of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects of Methylphenidate and Implications for Nerofeedback Training
J.F. Lubar, PhD, M.O. Swartwood, PhD, J.N. Swartwood, PhD and D.L. Timmerman, PhD. Reprinted with permission: Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, ADHD Special, 1995 143-160 full text
Wechsler (WISC-R) Changes Following Treatment of Learning Disabilities via EEG Biofeedback Training in a Private Practice Setting
Micheal Tansey, PhD. Reprinted with permission: Australian Journal or Psychology, 1991, 43 147-153 full text
Gates, States, Rhythms and Resonance: The Scientific Basis of Neurofeedback Training
A. Arbanal, PhD, MD. Reprinted with permission: Journal of Neurotherapy, Vol 1 No 2 Fall 1995 15-38 full text
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Level 3: Probably Efficacious
Pineda J. A. (2014) Neurofeedback training produces normalization in behavioural and electrophysiological measures of high-functioning autism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. June, 369(1644) Abstract
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Level 2: Possibly Efficacious
Clinical Use of an Alpha Asymmetry Neurofeedback Protocol in the Treatment of Mood Disorders: Follow-Up Study One to Five Years Post-Therapy (abs., pg. 7)
by Baehr E Ph.D., Rosenfeld JP Ph.D., Baehr R Ph.D.
This study reports on three of six patients who have completed an average of 27 neurofeedback sessions using a patented alpha asymmetry protocol for the treatment of depression. The follow-up data, from one to five years post therapy, were derived from a single session re-test using the same alpha asymmetry protocol and the Beck Depression Inventory. read full text
Neurofeedback for the Bipolar Child (abs.)
by Othmer S Ph.D.
Bipolar Disorder used to be a rare diagnosis in childhood. Recent research has elevated the importance of Bipolar Disorder as an issue in perhaps 20% of children formally diagnosed as ADHD. The medical management of these children is problematic, tending to involve anti-convulsants and neuroleptics rather than stimulants and anti-depressants.read full text
The Bipolar Child by Demitri and Janice Papolos (book review)
by Othmer S
A new diagnostic category is emerging: Childhood bipolar disorder. It was traditionally thought that as few as one in 200 cases of bipolar disorder had an onset which could be traced to childhood. Biederman’s recent research shows that perhaps on the other of 20% of children identified as ADHD could be on the way to developing full-blown bipolar disorder. To make this identification, however, the markers of childhood bipolar disorder are destructive rage and irritation rather than the euphoria and elation that characterizes the adult form. The proof that the childhood form of the disorder metamorphoses into the adult form eventually must still be outstanding. The model is still too new. read full text
Neurofeedback in Major Depression Associated to Addictions – A Case Study (pg. 15)
by Ibric VL, M.D., PhD.
Depression has been treated for some time with Neurofeedback (NF) and different authors presented different modalities in terms of the electrodes localization, or enhanced or inhibited frequencies (see Othmers, Peniston, Rosenfeld,). The case I am presenting, is a 43 years old Caucasian female with familiar major depression and addictions. The causality of her major depression may also be routed in her early childhood experiences (she lost her father, when she was 12), or may be an expression of a complex PTSD developed later in life (when, her already detached and chronically depressed mother has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s). She started to use drugs and alcohol as self medication. read full text
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Level 3: Probably Efficacious
Bazanova, O.M., Aftanas, L.I. (2010).Individual EEG alpha activity analysis for enhancement neurofeedback efficiency: Two case studies. Journal of Neurotherapy14(3), 244 – 253.
Becerra, J., Fernndez, T., Harmony T., Caballero M.I, Garcia F., Fernandez-Bouzas A., Santiago-Rodriguez E, Prado-Alcala R.A. (2006) “Follow-up study of Learning Disabled children treated with Neurofeedback or placebo.” Clinical EEG & Neuroscience,37(3), 198-203.
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Budzynski, T.H. (1996). Braining brightening: Can neurofeedback improve cognitive process? Biofeedback, 24(2), 14-17.
Carter, J. L., & Russell, H. L. (1991). Changes in verbal performance IQ discrepancy scores after left hemisphere frequency control training: A pilot report. American Journal of Clinical Biofeedback, 4(1), 66-67.
Cunningham, M., & Murphy, P. (1981). The effects of bilateral EEG biofeedback on verbal, visuospatial and creative skills in LD male adolescents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14(4), 204-208.
Egner, T., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2001). Learned self-regulation of EEG frequency components affects attention and event-related brain potentials in humans. NeuroReport, 12, 4155-4159.
Egner, T., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2004).EEG biofeedback of low beta band components: Frequency-specific effects on variables of attention and event-related brain potentials.Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(1), 131-139.
Fehmi, L. G. (2007). Multichannel EEG phase synchrony training and verbally guided attention training for disorders of attention. Chapter in J. R. Evans (Ed.), Handbook of Neurofeedback. Binghampton, NY: Haworth Medical Press, pp. 301-319.
Fernandez, T., Herrera, W., Harmony, T., Diaz-Comas, L., Santiago, E., Sanchez, L., Bosch, J., Fernandez-Bouzas, A., Otero, G., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Barraza, C., Aubert, E., Galan, L., & Valdes, P. (2003). EEG and behavioral changes following neurofeedback treatment in learning disabled children. Clinical Electroencephalography, 34(3), 145-150.
Fleischman, M. J., & Othmer, S. (2005). Case study: Improvements in IQ score and maintenance of gains following EEG biofeedback with mildly developmentally delayed twins. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(4), 35-46.
Foks, M. (2005).Neurofeedback training as an educational intervention in a school setting: How the regulation of arousal states can lead to improved attention and behaviour in children with special needs. Educational & Child Psychology, 22(3), 67-77.
Jackson, G. M., & Eberly, D. A. (1982). Facilitation of performance on an arithmetic task as a result of the application of a biofeedback procedure to suppress alpha wave activity.Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 7(2), 211-221.
Jacobs, E. H. (2005). Neurofeedback treatment of two children with learning, attention mood, social, and developmental deficits. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(4), 55-70.
Kaiser, D. A., & Othmer, S. (2000). Effect of Neurofeedback on variables of attention in a large multi-center trial. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(1), 5-15.
Kwon, H., Cho, J., Lee, E. (2009). EEG asymmetry analysis of the left and right brain activities during simple versus complex arithmetic learning. Journal of Neurotherapy13(2), 109 – 116.
Lubar, J. F. (1985). EEG biofeedback and learning disabilities. Theory into Practice, 26, 106-111
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Pulvermuller, F., Mohr, B., Schleichert, H., & Veit, R. (2000). Operant conditioning of left-hemispheric slow cortical potentials and its effect on word processing. Biological Psychology, 53, 177-215.
Putnam, J. A., Othmer, S. F., Othmer, S., & Pollock, V. E. (2005). TOVA results following interhemispheric bipolar EEG training. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(1), 37-52.
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Level 4: Efficacious
An excellent overview of alternative techniques for the treatment of epilepsy can be found here…
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Frey LC and Koberda JL (2015) LORETA Z-score Neurofeedback in Patients with Medically Refractory Epilepsy. Neurol Neurobiol Volume1.1: read…
Koberda JL (2015) LORETA Z-score Neurofeedback-Effectiveness in Rehabilitation of Patients Suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurol Neurobiol 1(4): doi read…
Koberda JL (2015) Application of Z-score LORETA Neuro-feedback in Therapy of Epilepsy. Neurol Neurobiol Volume1.1: read…
Koberda JL and Frey LC (2015) Z-score LORETA Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapy for Patients with Seizures and Refractory Epilepsy. Neurol Neurobiol, Volume1.1: http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/noa.101
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Collura, T., Guan, J., Tarrent, J., Bailey, J., & Starr, R. (2010). EEG biofeedback case studies using live z-score training and a normative database. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(1), 22–46.
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Thatcher, R.W. (2010). LORETA Z Score Biofeedback. Neuroconnections, December, pg. 14-17.
Thatcher, R.W. (2010). LORETA Z Score Biofeedback. Neuroconnections, December, p. 9 – 13.
Collura, T., Thatcher, R., Smith, M. L., Lambos, W., & Stark, C. (2009). EEG biofeedback training using live z-scores and a normative database. Philadelphia: Elsevier.
Collura, T. (2008). Whole head normalization using live Z-scores for connectivity training. Neuroconnections, April 2008, p 12-18.
Collura, T.F. (2008) Whole-Head Normalization Using Live Z-Scores for Connectivity Training, Part 2 of 2., NeuroConnections, July. 9-12.
Collura, T. (2008). Time EEG Z-score training: Realities and prospects. In: Evans, J., Arbanel, L. and Budsynsky, T. Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Smith, M.L. (2008). Case study: Jack. Neurosconnections, April, 2008.
Stark, C.R. (2008). Consistent dynamic Z-score patterns observed during Z-score training sessions – Robust among several clients and through time for each client. Neuroconnections, April, 2008.
Collura, T. F., Guan, J., Tarrant, J., Bailey, J., & Starr, F. (2010). EEG biofeedback case studies using live Z-score training and a normative database. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(1), 22-46.
Collura, T. F. (2009). Neuronal dynamics in relation to normative electroencephalography assessment and training. Biofeedback, 36, 134-139.
Cannon, R., Congredo, M., Lubar, J., and Hutchens, T. (2009). Differentiating a network of executive attention: LORETA neurofeedback in anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Int J Neurosci. 119(3):404-441.
Collura, T. F. (2008b, July). Whole-head normalization using live Z-scores for connectivity training (Part 2). NeuroConnections Newsletter, 9-12.
Collura, T. F. (2008). Whole-head normalization using live Z-scores for connectivity training, Part 1. NeuroConnections Newsletter, April 2008, 12, 15, 18-19. San Rafael, California; ISNR
Smith, M. (2008). A father finds a solution: Z-score training. NeuroConnections Newsletter, April 2008, 22, 24-25. San Rafael, California; ISNR
Thatcher, R. W. (2008). Z-score EEG biofeedback: Conceptual foundations. NeuroConnections Newsletter, April 2008, 9, 11, 20. San Rafael, California; ISNR
Cannon, R., Lubar, J., Sokhadze, E., & Baldwin, D. (2008). LORETA neurofeedback for addiction and the possible neurophysiology of psychological processes influenced: A case study and region of interest analysis of LORETA neurofeedback in right anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Neurotherapy, 12(4), 227 – 241.
Cannon, R., & Lubar, J. (2007). EEG spectral power and coherence: Differentiating effects of spatial-specific neuro-operant learning (SSNOL) utilizing LORETA neurofeedback training in the anterior cingulate and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(3), 25-44.
Cannon, R., Lubar, J., Congedo, M., Thornton, K., Towler, K., & Hutchens, T. (2007).The effects of neurofeedback training in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus. International Journal of Neuroscience,117(3), 337-357.
Cannon, R., Lubar, J., Congedo, M., Thornton, K., Towler, K., & Hutchens, T. (2007). The effects of neurofeedback training in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(3), 337-357.
Cannon, R., Lubar, J., Gerke, A., Thornton, K., Hutchens, T., & McCammon, V. (2006). EEG spectral-power and coherence: LORETA neurofeedback training in the anterior cingulate gyrus. Journal of Neurotherapy,10(1), 5-31.
Cannon, R., Lubar, J. F., Congedo, M., Gerke, A., Thornton, K., Kelsay, B., et al. (2006b). The effects of neurofeedback training in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus. International Journal of Science (in press).
Cannon, R., Lubar, J., Thornton, K., Wilson, S., & Congedo, M. (2005) Limbic beta activation and LORETA: Can hippocampal and related limbic activity be recorded and changes visualized using LORETA in an affective memory condition? Journal of Neurotherapy, 8 (4), 5-24.
Congedo, M., Lubar, J. F., & Joffe, D. (2004). Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems & Rehabilitation Engineering, 12(4), 387-397.
Lubar, J., Congedo, M., & Askew, J. H. (2003). Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) of cerebral activity in chronic depressive disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 49(3), 175-185.
Thatcher, R.W. (2000). 3-Dimensional EEG Biofeedback using LORETA., Society for Neuronal Regulation, Minneapolis, MN, September 23, 2000.
Level 4: Efficacious
Bazanova, O.M., Aftanas, L.I. (2010).Individual EEG alpha activity analysis for enhancement neurofeedback efficiency: Two case studies. Journal of Neurotherapy14(3), 244 – 253.
Coger, R., & Werbach, M. (1975). Attention, anxiety, and the effects of learned enhancement of EEG alpha in chronic pain: A pilot study in biofeedback. Chapter in B. L. Drue, Jr. (Ed.), Pain Research and Treatment. New York: Academic Press.
Gannon, L., & Sternbach, R. A. (1971). Alpha enhancement as a treatment for pain: A case study. Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 2, 209-213.
Ham, L. P., & Packard, R. C. (1996). A retrospective, follow-up study of biofeedback-assisted relaxation therapy in patients with posttraumatic headache. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 21(2), 93-104.
Jensen, M.P., Sherlin, L.H., Hakimian, S., Fregni, F. (2009). Neuromodulatory approaches for chronic pain management: Research findings and clinical implications.Journal of Neurotherapy 13(4), 196 – 213.
Jensen, M. P., Grierson, C., Tracy-Smith, V., Bacigalupi, S. C., Othmer, S. (2007). Neurofeedback treatment for pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(1), 45-53.
Lehmann, D., Lang, W., & Debruyne, P. (1976). Controlled EEG alpha feedback training in normals and headache patients. Archives of Psychiatry, 221, 331-343.
Matthew, A., Mishm, H., & Kumamiah, V. (1987). Alpha feedback in the treatment of tension headache. Journal of Personality & Clinical Studies, 3(1), 17-22.
McKenzie, R., Ehrisman, W., Montgomery, P. S., & Barnes, R. H. (1974). The treatment of headache by means of electroencephalographic biofeedback. Headache, 13, 164-172.
Pelletier, K. R., & Pepper, E. (1977). Developing a biofeedback model: Alpha EEG feedback as a means for pain control. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 25, 361-371.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Dowman, R., Heinricher, N., & Silvia, R. (1984). Operantly controlled somatosensory evoked potentials: Specific effects on pain processes. Chapter in B. Rockstroh, T. Elbert, W. Lutzenberger, & N. Birbaumer (Eds.), Self-Regulation of the Brain and Behavior. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 164-179.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Silvia, R.,Weitkunat, R., & Dowman, R. (1985). Operant control of human somatosensory evoked potentials alters experimental pain perception. Chapter in H. L. Fields, R. Dubner, & F. Cervero (Eds.), Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, Volume 9: Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Pain. New York: Raven Press, 343-349.
Sime, A. (2004). Case study of trigeminal neuralgia using neurofeedback and peripheral biofeedback. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8(1), 59-71.
Siniatchkin, M., Hierundar, A., Kropp, P., Kuhnert, R., Gerber, W-D., & Stephani, U. (2000). Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in children with migraine: An exploratory study. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 25(1), 13-32.
Tansey, M. A. (1991). A neurobiological treatment for migraine: The response of four cases of migraine to EEG biofeedback training. Headache Quarterly: Current Treatment & Research, 90-96.
Level 3: Probably Efficacious
Bell, J. S. (1979). The use of EEG theta biofeedback in the treatment of a patient with sleep-onset insomnia.Biofeedback & Self Regulation, 4(3), 229-236.
Berner, I., Schabus, M., Wienerroither, T., & Klimesch, W. (2006).The significance of sigma neurofeedback training on sleep spindles and aspects of declarative memory.Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 31(2), 97-114.
Feinstein, B., Sterman, M. B., & MacDonald, L. R. (1974). Effects of sensorimotor rhythm training on sleep. Sleep Research, 3, 134.
Hoedlmoser, K., Pecherstorfer, T., Gruber, E., Anderer, P., Doppelmayr, M., Klimesch, W., & Schabus, M. (2008). Instrumental conditioning of human sensorimotor rhythm (12-15 Hz) and its impact on sleep as well as declarative learning. Sleep, 31(10), 1401-1408.
Mills, G. K., & Solyom, L. (1974). Biofeedback of EEG alpha in the treatment of obsessive ruminations: An exploration. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 5, 37-41.
Sittenfeld, P., Budzynski, T. H., & Stoyva, J. M. (1976). Differential shaping of EEG theta rhythms. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 1, 31-46.
Sterman, M. B. (1977). Effects of sensorimotor EEG feedback on sleep and clinical manifestations of epilepsy. Chapter in J. Beatty & H. Legewie (Eds.), Biofeedback and Behavior. New York: Plenum, pp. 167-200.
Sterman, M. B., Howe, R. D., & Macdonald, L. R. (1970). Facilitation of spindle-burst sleep by conditioning of electroencephalographic activity while awake. Science, 167, 1146-1148.
Neurofeedback and quantitative electroencephography.
Effects of neurofeedback-based EEG alpha and EEG beta training in patients with chronically decompensated tinnitus.
Neurofeedback training as a therapy for tinnitus.
Neurofeedback for treating tinnitus. Chapter in B. Langguth, G. Hajak, T. Kleinjung, A. Cacace, & A. R. Moller (Eds.).
Neurofeedback by neural correlates of auditory selective attention as possible application for tinnitus therapies.
Frequently asked
questions
Neurofeedback helps your brain learn to focus and concentrate at will. This training helps strengthen your neural pathways and gain greater control over your mind.
ADDitude magazine published an interesting piece exploring this very question and noted that, while the studies to-date have not been fully blind studies, neurofeedback training has shown promise to help with some ADHD symptoms.
That being said, if you suspect you or your child has ADD or ADHD, your first step should be to consult with a doctor. You should also share your decision to try neurofeedback training as a complementary therapy with your doctor.
Our success
stories
I didn’t tell (my daughter’s) teachers anything about her having sessions, and all of them commented on how well behaved and focused she’s been. She’s so happy, and so good in herself.
(He) is sitting still, paying attention, concentrating and getting lots of positive feedback which is helping to build his self esteem. A few students / parents have commented to me how different he seems / is behaving in class. He is more motivated and willing to work!
